Nd:YAP
Nd:YAP (Nd3+: YAlO3), the structure is distorted perovskite, belonging to an oblique hexagonal crystal system, and the spatial group is Pbnm whose axes a, b, and c are perpendicular to each other, belongs to negative uniaxial crystals and is anisotropic.
Among the numerous neodymium-doped laser crystals, Nd: YAP crystal has high thermal conductivity and a larger excited emission cross-section at 4F3/2–4 I13/2 transition. They are one of the most effective laser crystals known for their high-power operation at 1300 nm. The crystal is mainly pumped by LD. 1300 nm lasers are widely used in medicine, optical fiber communication, and the military.
Moreover, the water molecule has good absorption at this laser band. This makes it have a very good hemostatic ability and is widely used in laser therapy, such as hemostasis, neurosurgery, resection of pathological tissues, and wrinkle removal. In addition, Nd: YAP crystal has natural birefringence characteristics, which is very beneficial to overcome the laser’s thermal depolarization and nonlinear frequency transformation.
Features of Nd: YAP Crystal:
- High thermal conductivity
- Large excited emission cross-section
- High laser gain
- Low laser threshold
- Anisotropy
Material Specifications
| Material | Nd: YAP |
| Orientation | <5° |
| Parallelism | ≤10″ |
| Perpendicularity | ≤5′ |
| Surface Finish | 10-5 (MIL-O-13830A) |
| Wavefront Distortion | λ/8 @ 633nm |
| Surface Roughness | ≤ λ/10 @632.8nm |
| Clear Aperture | >95 % |
| Length Tolerance | +0.5/-0mm |
| Thickness/Diameter Tolerance | ±0.05 mm |
| Damage Threshold | ≥500MW/cm2 |
Physical and Chemical Properties
| Crystal Structure | Orthorhombic– Pbnm |
| Lattice Constant | a=5,176, b=5,307, c=7,355 |
| Density | 5,35 g/cm3 |
| Melting Point | 1870°C |
| Thermal Conductivity | 0,11 W/(cm K) |
| Thermo-optic Coefficient（dn / dT） | na:9.7×10-6 K-1 nc:14.5×10-6 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion/（10-6 •K-1 @ 25°C） | 9.5 (a axis), 4.3(b axis), 10.8(c axis) |
| Mohs Hardness | 8.5 |
| Shear Modulus/ Gpa | 2.2×1012dyn/cm2 |
| Specific Heat | 400 J/(kg K) |
| Linear Dispersion δn/δT[10-6 K-1] | 9.7 (na) |
Optical and Spectral Properties
| Laser Transition | 4F3/2→4I9/2 930 nm 4F3/2→4I11/2 1079 nm |
| 4F3/2→4I13/2< 1340 nm 4F3/2→4I13/2 1432 nm | |
| Laser Wavelength | 930nm 1079nm 1340nm |
| Fluorescence Lifetime | 170ms |
| Refractive Index@ 1064 nm | na=1,929, nb=1,943, nc=1,952 |
Emission Cross Section
| Wavelength (nm) | Emission Cross Section 10-19cm2 | ||
| a-cut | b-cut | c-cut | |
| 1079 | 2.05 | 1.76 | 1.38 |
| 1340 | 1.13 | 0.97 | 0.78 |
| 1432 | 0.34 | ||
Absorption and Emission Spectra
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References
| [1] Huang C H , Zhang G , Wei Y , et al. 1.3414 μm Nd:YAP pulse laser in Q-switched mode[J]. Optics Communications, 2006, 260(1):248-250. |
| [2] Yong W , Zhang G , Huang C H , et al. A single wavelength 1339 nm Nd:YAP pulsed laser[J]. Optics Communications, 2009, 282(22):4397-4400. |
| [3] Rocca J P , Fornaini C , Brulat N , et al. CO2 and Nd:YAP laser interaction with lithium disilicate and Zirconia dental ceramics: A preliminary study[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2014, 57:216-223. |
| [4] Chen X , Yu Y , Tao G , et al. High-power Continuous-wave Diode-side-pumped Nd:YAP/LBO 670.7nm Red Laser[J]. Optik, 2016, 127(3):1094-1096. |
| [5] Zhu H , Huang C , Ge Z , et al. High-power CW diode-side-pumped 1341nm Nd:YAP laser[J]. Optics Communications, 2007, 270(2):296-300. |
| [6] Yong W , Ge Z , Huang C , et al. High power Nd:YAG lasers operating at 1.3μm wave band[J]. Infrared Physics & Technology, 2008, 51(2):91-94. |
| [7] Bonnet L , Boulesteix R , Matre A , et al. Influence of (Nd+Y)/Al ratio on sintering behavior and optical features of Y3-xNdxAl5O12 ceramics for laser applications[J]. Optical Materials, 2018, 77:264-272. |
| [8] Wang X , Wang S , Rhee H , et al. LD end pumped mode locked and cavity dumped Nd:YAP laser at 1.34 μm[J]. Optics Communications, 2011, 284(12):3014-3017. |
| [9] Wang S , Rhee H , Wang X , et al. LD end pumped, actively mode locked and passively Q-switched Nd:YAP laser at 1341 nm[J]. Optics Communications, 2010, 283(4):570-573. |
| [10] Li X , Pan Q , Jing J , et al. LD pumped intracavity frequency-doubled and frequency-stabilized Nd:YAP/KTP laser with 1.1 W output at 540 nm[J]. Optics Communications, 2002, 201(1-3):165-171. |
| [11] Guy O , Kubecek V , Barthelemy A . Mode-locked diode-pumped Nd:YAP laser[J]. Optics Communications, 1996, 130(1-3):41-43. |
| [12] Boucher M , Musset O , Boquillon J P , et al. Multiwatt CW diode end-pumped Nd:YAP laser at 1.08 and 1.34 μm: Influence of Nd doping level[J]. Optics Communications, 2002, 212(1-3):139-148. |
| [13] Shaolin, Xue, and, et al. Passive mode-locking of a Nd:YAP laser at 1.3414 μm by using a convex-antiresonant ring unstable resonator[J]. Optics Communications, 1996. |
| [14] Wang S , Wang X , Rhee H , et al. Pulsed Nd:YAP laser at 1432 nm pumped with high power laser diode[J]. Optics Communications, 2010, 283(14):2881-2884. |
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